Esophagoscopy and Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS): Advanced Technology for Early Detection of Esophageal Cancer

Esophagoscopy and Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS): Advanced Technology for Early Detection of Esophageal Cancer

pediagenosis    June 13, 2026   

Esophagoscopy and Endoscopic Ultrasound

The ability of being able to introduce a flexible instrument with a charge­coupled device safely into the gastrointestinal tract has revolutionized the practice of gastroenterology. Endoscopic examination of the esophagus shows extensive detail of the mucosal lining, some imaging of abnormalities that lead to intramural or extramural indentation or compression of the lumen, respectively, and esophageal motility abnormalities as estimated by sphincter tone and esophageal diameter. Mucosal abnormalities seen are best characterized as inflammatory or neoplastic. Inflammatory lesions may vary in intensity from mild superficial erythema to frank ulceration with complete destruction of the mucosa. 

Rare Urethral Abnormalities: Causes of Difficult Urination, Recurrent UTIs, and Urethral Diverticulum

Rare Urethral Abnormalities: Causes of Difficult Urination, Recurrent UTIs, and Urethral Diverticulum

pediagenosis    June 13, 2026   

URETHRAL ANOMALIES, VERUMONTANUM DISORDERS

Diverticula are outpouchings of the urethral lumen that occur in both the anterior and posterior urethra. They may be congenital or acquired. The congenital variety, usually located in the penile urethra, is more frequent. Diverticula are further divided into true and false (pseudodiverticula) forms. The true diverticulum is generally congenital in origin and has a mucous membrane lining continuous with that of the urethra, whereas the wall of the false type is initially an unlined pouch as a result of a neoplastic or inflammatory process. Destruction of the mucosal lining of a true diverticulum by inflammation may render the two types indistinguishable. A false, acquired diverticulum may become epithelialized following surgical drainage of a periurethral abscess and may be interpreted as a true variety. Acquired diverticula are frequently observed in spinal cord injury patients who develop painless, undetected periurethral abscesses from chronic urethral catheters. These are “false” at the onset but appear “true” after epithelialization. Acquired pseudodiverticula are frequently found in the posterior urethra following instrumental trauma, whereas congenital diverticula are almost always located on the ventral wall of the anterior urethra.

Median Raphe Cyst: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of a Rare Congenital Penile Cyst

Median Raphe Cyst: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of a Rare Congenital Penile Cyst

pediagenosis    June 13, 2026   

Median Raphe Cyst

Median raphe cysts are uncommon benign cysts that form in the midline region of the perineum. They most commonly occur on the ventral shaft of the penis but can occur anywhere from the urethral opening along the ventral surface of the penis, in the midline across the scrotum, and to the anus. This cyst is considered to be formed from a congenital abnormality of the genitalia. An abnormal folding of the urethral folds is believed to be the cause of these developmental cysts.

What Is a Shoulder Injection? A Complete Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment

What Is a Shoulder Injection? A Complete Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment

pediagenosis    June 13, 2026    Comment   

Shoulder Injections

Injections to the shoulder can be performed either for diagnostic purposes or for aspiration of joint fluid. This can be done for evaluation of possible infection or crystalline arthritis.

Manifestations of Disease of Tongue

Manifestations of Disease of Tongue

pediagenosis    May 02, 2026   

Manifestations of Disease of Tongue

As a consequence of the easy accessibility to clinical inspection, the tongue, in the course of medical history, has played a rather special role as a diagnostic indicator of systemic disease. The degree of moisture or dryness of the lingual mucosa may indicate disturbances of fluid balance. Changes in color and the appearance of edema, swelling, ulcers, and inflammation or atrophy of the lingual papillae may represent signs of endocrine, nutritional, hematologic, metabolic, or hepatic disorders, infectious diseases, or aberrant ingestions. On the other hand, it should be recognized that the tongue participates with the gingivae and the buccal mucosa in localized pathologic processes of the oral cavity, and that a number of conditions exist in which the surface or the parenchyma of the tongue itself is exclusively involved.

Benign Tumors of Oral Cavity

Benign Tumors of Oral Cavity

pediagenosis    May 02, 2026   

Benign Tumors of Oral Cavity

Tumors of the oral cavity are very diversified. Only a select few can be discussed here. A fibroma may be found on the gingiva, lips, palate, and buccal mucosa. It is hard or soft and pale or reddish, depending on the density of collagen and the abundance of vascular elements. The gingival fibroma (fibrous epulis) is usually derived from the periosteum. It is sessile or pedunculated, well defined, and slow growing.

Acute Abdomen in Children: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Emergency Treatment Guide

Acute Abdomen in Children: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Emergency Treatment Guide

pediagenosis    March 31, 2026    Comment   

🩺 Acute Abdomen in Children: Causes, Symptoms & Emergency Treatment

The acute abdomen.

Abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons children visit clinics and emergency departments. While most cases are mild, some may indicate serious conditions like appendicitis, bowel obstruction, or peritonitis that require urgent treatment.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Emergency Treatment

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Emergency Treatment

pediagenosis    March 31, 2026    Comment   

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Insulin action.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes caused by insulin deficiency, leading to:

·  Hyperglycemia

·  Dehydration

·  Ketone production

·  Metabolic acidosis

DKA is most common in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and may be the first sign of the disease.

Respiratory Distress in Children : Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Emergency Treatment Guide

Respiratory Distress in Children : Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Emergency Treatment Guide

pediagenosis    March 31, 2026    Comment   

What is Respiratory Distress?

Physical examination findings in respiratory distress.

Respiratory distress is a serious condition where breathing becomes difficult due to impaired oxygen intake or carbon dioxide removal. It is one of the most common emergency conditions in children and can rapidly progress to respiratory failure if not treated immediately.

Newborn Baby Care Guide: Normal Signs, Apgar Score, Resuscitation & IUGR Explained

Newborn Baby Care Guide: Normal Signs, Apgar Score, Resuscitation & IUGR Explained

pediagenosis    March 30, 2026    Comment   

The normal newborn

The vast majority of babies are born in good condition at full term and do not require any medical involvement. Most babies in the UK are born in hospital, where a paediatrician is usually available to attend ‘high-risk’ deliveries, where it is anticipated that resuscitation will be required. A healthy newborn infant should cry soon after birth, have pink mucous membranes, good muscle tone, a normal heart rate and regular respiration. They can be dried and placed on the mother’s chest. The cord is clamped after a minute or two. Skin-to-skin care helps establish breastfeeding. Newborn babies, especially premature babies, are covered in a waxy material called vernix. Post-term infants may have very dry, cracked skin. Babies pass a green – black stool called meconium that changes to a normal yellow – brown seedy stool after a few days. It is recommended that infants be given vitamin K at birth to prevent potentially catastrophic bleeding. Newborn infants are routinely examined within the first few days to exclude congenital abnormalities (see Chapter 10) and have blood taken from a heel prick around day 5 to screen for hypothyroidism and metabolic disorders (see Chapter 7).