Diagnosis of Death: Circulatory Death, Brainstem Death, and Physiology

Diagnosis of Death: Circulatory Death, Brainstem Death, and Physiology

pediagenosis    September 14, 2026   

Diagnosis Of Death And Its Physiology

Diagnosing death

Circulatory death

Traditionally, death has been certified by the absence of a circulation, usually taken as the point at which the heart stops beating. In the UK, current guidance suggests that death may be confirmed after 5 minutes of observation following cessation of cardiac function (e.g. absence of heart sounds, absence of palpable central pulse or asystole on a continuous electrocardiogram). Organ donation after circulatory death (DCD) may occur following confirmation that death has occurred (also called non-heart-beating donation). There are two sorts of DCD donation, controlled and uncontrolled.

Myxedema: Symptoms, Causes, Skin Findings, Diagnosis & Treatment

Myxedema: Symptoms, Causes, Skin Findings, Diagnosis & Treatment

pediagenosis    September 10, 2026   

MYXEDEMA

Myxedema is seen in patients with untreated severe hypothyroidism. This condition results from a total lack of thyroid hormone secretion and resultant deposition of mucopolysaccharides into the skin and other organs. Many skin and systemic findings are present in severe hypothyroidism. This is a condition seen in adults. The infantile form, called cretinism, is still found in parts of the world that do not routinely test newborn infants. If it is left untreated, mental retardation and various neurological deficits can occur. Adult myxedema is an uncommon clinical disease.

Cross Section at L3–4 Anatomy

Cross Section at L3–4 Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 09, 2026    Comment   

Cross Section at L3–4 Anatomy

Round ligament (ligamentum teres) of liver, Transverse colon, Branches of inferior epigastric vessels, Rectus sheath, Transversus abdominis aponeurosis, External oblique aponeurosis, Internal oblique aponeurosis, Mesentery of small intestine, Superior mesenteric vessels, Small intestine (ileum), Lymph node, Ascending colon, Right paracolic gutter, Tendon of origin of transversus abdominis muscle, Ilioinguinal nerve,

Dermatomyositis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Histology & Treatment

Dermatomyositis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Histology & Treatment

pediagenosis    September 08, 2026   

Dermatomyositis

Dermatomyositis is a chronic connective tissue disease that can be associated with an underlying internal malignancy. This connective tissue disease shares similarities with polymyositis, but the latter has no cutaneous findings. Up to one third of patients with dermatomyositis have an underlying malignancy. The myositis is often prominent and manifests as tenderness and weakness of the proximal muscle groups. The pelvic and shoulder girdle muscles are the ones most commonly affected. Dermatomyositis sine myositis is a well-recognized variant that has only the cutaneous findings; evidence of muscle involvement is absent.

Topography and Constrictions of Esophagus Anatomy

Topography and Constrictions of Esophagus Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 07, 2026   

Topography and Constrictions of Esophagus Anatomy

Incisor tooth, Oropharynx, Epiglottis, Piriform recess, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Cricopharyngeus (muscle) part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, Pharyngoesophageal constriction, Average length in centimeters, Thoracic (aortobronchial) constriction, Trachea, Arch of aorta, Left main bronchus,

Alport Syndrome and Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Alport Syndrome and Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

pediagenosis    September 07, 2026   

HEREDITARY NEPHRITIS (ALPORT SYNDROME)/THIN BASEMENT MEMBRANE NEPHROPATHY

Hereditary nephritis (HN, also known as Alport syndrome) and thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN) are both inherited disorders that feature structural defects in type IV collagen, an integral component of the glomerular basement membrane. Both conditions present in childhood with persistent microscopic hematuria.

HN is rare, affecting 1 in 50,000 individuals, and often progresses to end stage renal disease (ESRD). TBMN, in contrast, affects 1 in 20 to 100 individuals and typically does not have a progressive course.

Intracellular Accumulations: Causes, Types, Examples, and Clinical Significance

Intracellular Accumulations: Causes, Types, Examples, and Clinical Significance

pediagenosis    September 06, 2026    Comment   

Intracellular Accumulations.

Intracellular accumulations represent the buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate. The substances may accumulate in the cytoplasm (frequently in the lysosomes) or in the nucleus. In some cases the accumulation may be an abnormal substance that the cell has produced, and in other cases the cell may be storing exogenous materials or products of pathologic processes occurring elsewhere in the body. An example would be the accumulation of beta amyloid fragments, which progress to a skeletal muscle disorder called myositis. These substances may  accumulate  transiently  or  permanently, and they may be harmless or, in some cases, toxic.

Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy: hCG, Estrogen, Progesterone & Placental Hormones

Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy: hCG, Estrogen, Progesterone & Placental Hormones

pediagenosis    September 04, 2026    Comment   

Plate 12-7

HORMONAL FLUCTUATIONS IN PREGNANCY

In addition to its function as the agent of transfer of gases and nutrients, the placenta also has significant endocrine activity. It produces progesterone, which is important in maintaining the pregnancy; somatomammotropin (also known as placental lactogen), which acts to increase the amount of glucose and lipids in the maternal blood; estrogen; insulin-like growth factors; relaxin; and human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG). This hormonal activity is the main cause of the increased maternal blood glucose levels seen in pregnancy, which results in an increased transfer of glucose and lipids to the fetus.

Musculocutaneous Nerve: Anatomy, Course, Branches and Innervation

Musculocutaneous Nerve: Anatomy, Course, Branches and Innervation

pediagenosis    September 02, 2026   

MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE

Peripheral Nerves

The terminal branches of the brachial plexus (the musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves) provide the entire nerve supply to the limb below the shoulder. Of these, only the musculocutaneous and radial nerves distribute to the muscles of the upper arm.

Autonomic Innervation of Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum: Schema Anatomy

Autonomic Innervation of Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum: Schema Anatomy

pediagenosis    August 31, 2026    Comment   

Autonomic Innervation of Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum: Schema Anatomy

Right 6th thoracic ganglion of sympathetic trunk Gray, White rami communicantes, Spinal (posterior root) ganglion, Right greater thoracic splanchnic nerve, Right lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve, Celiac ganglia, Least thoracic splanchnic nerve Common hepatic artery, Superior mesenteric ganglion, Aorticorenal ganglia, Right gastric artery, Right renal artery, Gastroduodenal artery, Posterior and anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries,