Alport Syndrome and Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Alport Syndrome and Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

pediagenosis    September 07, 2026   

HEREDITARY NEPHRITIS (ALPORT SYNDROME)/THIN BASEMENT MEMBRANE NEPHROPATHY

Hereditary nephritis (HN, also known as Alport syndrome) and thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN) are both inherited disorders that feature structural defects in type IV collagen, an integral component of the glomerular basement membrane. Both conditions present in childhood with persistent microscopic hematuria.

HN is rare, affecting 1 in 50,000 individuals, and often progresses to end stage renal disease (ESRD). TBMN, in contrast, affects 1 in 20 to 100 individuals and typically does not have a progressive course.

Intracellular Accumulations: Causes, Types, Examples, and Clinical Significance

Intracellular Accumulations: Causes, Types, Examples, and Clinical Significance

pediagenosis    September 06, 2026    Comment   

Intracellular Accumulations.

Intracellular accumulations represent the buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate. The substances may accumulate in the cytoplasm (frequently in the lysosomes) or in the nucleus. In some cases the accumulation may be an abnormal substance that the cell has produced, and in other cases the cell may be storing exogenous materials or products of pathologic processes occurring elsewhere in the body. An example would be the accumulation of beta amyloid fragments, which progress to a skeletal muscle disorder called myositis. These substances may  accumulate  transiently  or  permanently, and they may be harmless or, in some cases, toxic.

Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy: hCG, Estrogen, Progesterone & Placental Hormones

Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy: hCG, Estrogen, Progesterone & Placental Hormones

pediagenosis    September 04, 2026    Comment   

Plate 12-7

HORMONAL FLUCTUATIONS IN PREGNANCY

In addition to its function as the agent of transfer of gases and nutrients, the placenta also has significant endocrine activity. It produces progesterone, which is important in maintaining the pregnancy; somatomammotropin (also known as placental lactogen), which acts to increase the amount of glucose and lipids in the maternal blood; estrogen; insulin-like growth factors; relaxin; and human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG). This hormonal activity is the main cause of the increased maternal blood glucose levels seen in pregnancy, which results in an increased transfer of glucose and lipids to the fetus.

Musculocutaneous Nerve: Anatomy, Course, Branches and Innervation

Musculocutaneous Nerve: Anatomy, Course, Branches and Innervation

pediagenosis    September 02, 2026   

MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE

Peripheral Nerves

The terminal branches of the brachial plexus (the musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves) provide the entire nerve supply to the limb below the shoulder. Of these, only the musculocutaneous and radial nerves distribute to the muscles of the upper arm.

Autonomic Innervation of Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum: Schema Anatomy

Autonomic Innervation of Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum: Schema Anatomy

pediagenosis    August 31, 2026    Comment   

Autonomic Innervation of Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum: Schema Anatomy

Right 6th thoracic ganglion of sympathetic trunk Gray, White rami communicantes, Spinal (posterior root) ganglion, Right greater thoracic splanchnic nerve, Right lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve, Celiac ganglia, Least thoracic splanchnic nerve Common hepatic artery, Superior mesenteric ganglion, Aorticorenal ganglia, Right gastric artery, Right renal artery, Gastroduodenal artery, Posterior and anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries,

Autonomic Innervation of Pancreas: Schema Anatomy

Autonomic Innervation of Pancreas: Schema Anatomy

pediagenosis    August 30, 2026    Comment   

Autonomic Innervation of Pancreas: Schema Anatomy

Glomus Tumor and Glomangioma: Symptoms, Histology, Causes and Treatment

Glomus Tumor and Glomangioma: Symptoms, Histology, Causes and Treatment

pediagenosis    August 30, 2026    Comment   

GLOMUS TUMOR AND GLOMANGIOMA

Glomus tumors are benign tumors derived from the glomus body. The glomus body is a component of the vascular thermoregulatory unit. These tumors are most frequently encountered in early adulthood and are most commonly found on the digits. Glomus tumors are solitary in nature, and the term glomangioma is used when describing the glomuvenous malformation. This usually manifests as a congenital defect in infants and young children and appears to be a multifocal grouping or mass of coalescent glomus tumors.

Homologues of External Genitalia Anatomy

Homologues of External Genitalia Anatomy

pediagenosis    August 30, 2026   

Homologues of External Genitalia Anatomy

Glans area, Epithelial tag, Urogenital fold, Urogenital groove, Lateral part of tubercle, Anal tubercle, Anal pit, Undifferentiated, Genital tubercle, Male Female, Glans, Epithelial tag, Coronal sulcus, Site of future origin of prepuce, Urethral fold, Urogenital groove, 

External Anal Sphincter Muscle: Perineal Views Anatomy

External Anal Sphincter Muscle: Perineal Views Anatomy

pediagenosis    August 30, 2026    Comment   

External Anal Sphincter Muscle: Perineal Views Anatomy

Male Dartos fascia of scrotum, Septum of scrotum, Deep (Buck’s) fascia of penis, Perineal membrane, Perineal body, Superficial perineal (Colles’) fascia (cut edges), Transverse fibrous septum of ischioanal fossa (cut), Ischial tuberosity, Sacrotuberous ligament, Gluteus maximus muscle, Tip of coccyx, Pubococcygeus, Puboanalis (puborectalis), Iliococcygeus, Subcutaneous, Superficial, Deep,

Testis Descent: How the Testis Descends into the Scrotum and Causes of Cryptorchidism

Testis Descent: How the Testis Descends into the Scrotum and Causes of Cryptorchidism

pediagenosis    August 30, 2026   

DESCENT OF THE TESTIS

The early genital ridge on the posterior wall of the coelomic cavity contains the primordial testis and extends from the sixth thoracic to the second sacral segment. At 8 weeks’ gestation, the testis, lying beneath the mesothelium (primitive peritoneum), becomes an elongated, spindle-shaped organ projecting into the coelomic cavity (future abdominal cavity).