Mediastinoscopy and Mediastinotomy: Mediastinal Lymph Node Staging in Lung Cancer

Mediastinoscopy and Mediastinotomy: Mediastinal Lymph Node Staging in Lung Cancer

pediagenosis    September 21, 2026   

MEDIASTINOTOMY AND MEDIASTINOSCOPY

Complete surgical resection is the key curative therapy for early-stage bronchogenic carcinoma. To be effective, resection must be performed under appropriate circumstances; not only must the patient be able to tolerate the required operation but the cancer must also be sufficiently well localized for complete surgical removal. Radical resection in the face of metastases to mediastinal nodes is rarely curative. For this reason, mediastinal nodal staging is essential. Cervical mediastinoscopy and left anterior mediastinotomy remain the gold standard for sampling mediastinal lymph nodes. These procedures may also aid in the diagnosis of lymphoma, sarcoidosis, and other diseases affecting the mediastinum.

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V): Schema Anatomy

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V): Schema Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 20, 2026    Comment   

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V): Schema Anatomy

Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1), Tentorial branch, Nasociliary nerve, Lacrimal nerve, Frontal nerve, Branch to ciliary ganglion, Ciliary ganglion, Posterior ethmoidal nerve, Long ciliary nerve, Short ciliary nerves, Anterior ethmoidal nerve, Supraorbital nerve, Supratrochlear nerve, Infratrochlear nerve, Internal nasal branches and, External nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve, Maxillary nerve (CN V2), Meningeal branch, Zygomaticotemporal branch, Zygomaticofacial branch, Zygomatic nerve

Cell Nucleus: Structure, Function, Chromatin, Nucleolus and Nuclear Envelope

Cell Nucleus: Structure, Function, Chromatin, Nucleolus and Nuclear Envelope

pediagenosis    September 19, 2026   

FIGURE 4.1 • Composite cell designed to show in one cell all of the various components of the nucleus and cytoplasm. (From McConnell T. H., Hull K. L. (2011). Human form human function: Essentials of anatomy & physiology (p. 70). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.)

The Nucleus

The nucleus of the cell appears as a rounded or elongated structure situated near the center of the cell (see Fig. 4.1). All eukaryotic cells have at least one nucleus (prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, lack a nucleus and nuclear membrane). Some cells contain more than one nucleus; osteoclasts (a type of bone cell) typically contain 12 nuclei or more. The platelet-producing cell, the megakaryocyte, has only one nucleus but usually contains 16 times the normal chromatin amount.

Attachments of Muscles of Forearm: Anterior View Anatomy

Attachments of Muscles of Forearm: Anterior View Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 18, 2026    Comment   

Attachments of Muscles of Forearm: Anterior View Anatomy

Brachioradialis muscle, Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle, Supinator muscle, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris muscles, Common extensor tendon, Brachialis muscle, Biceps brachii muscle, Supinator muscle, Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (radial head), 

Gastric Analysis: Procedure, Gastric Acid Output, and Clinical Uses

Gastric Analysis: Procedure, Gastric Acid Output, and Clinical Uses

pediagenosis    September 18, 2026    Comment   

GASTRIC ANALYSIS

Gastric analysis is a technique for measuring acid production of the stomach. Gastric analysis may, in this context, be classified as qualitative or quantitative. A qualitative gastric analysis is undertaken to ascertain whether the gastric glands can secrete acid. A quantitative gastric analysis seeks to determine the amount of HCl secreted by the stomach and is carried out by determining the basal secretion level or the secretory response to insulin hypoglycemia.

Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Liver Anatomy

Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Liver Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 17, 2026    Comment   

Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Liver Anatomy

Perisinusoidal spaces (Disse) very narrow or obliterated, Connective tissue of portal triad, Perisinusoidal space (Disse), Sinusoid, Perisinusoidal spaces (Disse) markedly widened, Periportal space (Mall), Superior phrenic nodes (at termination of inferior vena cava), 

Cross Section at T10, Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

Cross Section at T10, Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 17, 2026    Comment   

Cross Section at T10, Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

Rectus abdominis muscle, Liver, Right crus of respiratory diaphragm (forming right boundary of esophageal hiatus), Inferior vena cava, Serratus anterior muscle, Azygos vein, Latissimus dorsi muscle, Inferior lobe of right lung in costodiaphragmatic recess,

Uterus: Fascial Ligaments Anatomy

Uterus: Fascial Ligaments Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 16, 2026    Comment   

Uterus: Fascial Ligaments Anatomy

Round ligament of uterus, Uterine (fallopian) tube, Proper ovarian ligament (ligament of ovary), Uterosacral ligament, Cardinal (Mackenrodt’s) ligament, Vaginal wall, Fascial ligaments of uterus, 

Shoulder with Details of Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy

Shoulder with Details of Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 16, 2026    Comment   

Shoulder with Details of Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy

Anterior view, Acromion, Coracoacromial ligament, Supraspinatus tendon (cut), Coracohumeral ligament, Greater tubercle, Transverse humeral ligament, Intertubercular tendon sheath (communicates with synovial cavity), Acromioclavicular joint capsule (incorporating acromioclavicular ligament), Subscapularis tendon (cut), Biceps brachii tendon (long head), Clavicle, Trapezoid ligament Coracoclavicular, Conoid ligament ligament, Superior transverse scapular ligament and superior scapular (suprascapular) notch, Coracoid process, Opening of subtendinous bursa of subscapularis muscle, 

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Complications

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Complications

pediagenosis    September 15, 2026   

HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA (ACNE INVERSA)

Hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa) is a rare chronic, life-altering disease. It can be an isolated clinical finding, or it can be associated with cystic acne, dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, and pilonidal cysts.