TRAUMA TO PENIS AND URETHRA

TRAUMA TO PENIS AND URETHRA

pediagenosis    April 25, 2025   

TRAUMA TO PENIS AND URETHRA

Beneath the deep layer of Colles fascia and Buck fascia (see Plate 2-4), the paired corpora cavernosal bodies of the penis are encased in a thick tunica albuginea layer. Rupture of the corpora cavernosa is rare but is encountered from direct trauma or penile fracture from vigorous intercourse or with the use of devices. Rupture of the tunica albuginea usually includes rupture of Buck fascia see Plate 2-4), in which case the penis quickly swells as a result of extravasation of blood. Early surgical repair of the ruptured tunica albuginea may prevent thrombosis and subsequent fibrosis of the erectile tissue with consequent erectile dysfunction.

REPLANTATION

REPLANTATION

pediagenosis    April 25, 2025   

REPLANTATION

Replantation is defined as the reattachment of a completely severed part. The first successful replantation of an above-elbow amputation was reported in 1962 by Malt and McLehman. In 1965, Komatsu and Tamai reported the successful replantation of a thumb. The development of this type of microsurgery has been greatly aided by advances in optical instrumentation and especially in the manufacture of needles and sutures fine enough to repair vessels 1 mm in diameter or less. Replantation is not suitable or possible for all patients with amputations. Great care must be given to the assessment of patients and their requirements. The surgical technique is exacting and the postoperative care prolonged and difficult. However, with an experienced team and a well-informed and motivated patient, the procedure can produce good functional and cosmetic results.

EPIDERMAL INCLUSION CYST

EPIDERMAL INCLUSION CYST

pediagenosis    April 25, 2025    Comment   

EPIDERMAL INCLUSION CYST

Epidermal inclusion cysts are the most common benign cysts derived from the skin. They are also known as epidermoid cysts or follicular infundibular cysts. The name “sebaceous cyst” has been used to describe these cysts, although this is a misnomer, because epidermal inclusion cysts are not derived from sebaceous epithelium. The cysts can occur anywhere on the body except the palms, soles, glans, and vermilion border.

Muscles of Pharynx : Lateral View Anatomy

Muscles of Pharynx : Lateral View Anatomy

pediagenosis    April 25, 2025    Comment   

Muscles of Pharynx : Lateral View Anatomy

Pharyngobasilar fascia, Tensor veli palatini muscle, Levator veli palatini muscle, Lateral pterygoid plate, Pterygoid Hamulus, Buccinator muscle (cut), Pterygomandibular raphe, Digastric muscle (anterior belly), Oblique line of mandible, Mylohyoid muscle, Hyoid bone, Stylohyoid muscle (cut), Thyroid cartilage, Median cricothyroid ligament, Cricothyroid muscle, Cricoid cartilage,

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE LUNGS AND PLEURA

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE LUNGS AND PLEURA

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025    Comment   

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE LUNGS AND PLEURA

The lymphatic drainage of the lung plays critical roles in the removal of excess interstitial fluid and particulate matter (free or within macrophages) deposited in the airspaces and in lymphocyte trafficking and immune surveillance. Discrepancies exist between the terminology of the Nomina Anatomica adopted by anatomists for lung lymphatic routes and the terms commonly and conveniently used by clinicians, surgeons, and radiologists. For this reason, in the illustrations, the terms in common usage are included in parentheses after the official Nomina Anatomica designations.

DIABETIC FOOT ULCERATION

DIABETIC FOOT ULCERATION

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025    Comment   

DIABETIC FOOT ULCERATION

LESIONS OF THE DIABETIC FOOT

Patients with diabetes are susceptible to a host of foot-related problems. One of the most common and troublesome problems is ulceration and subsequent infection of the foot. Ulceration of the foot develops in the diabetic patient primarily as a result of peripheral neuropathy and loss of the normal protective sensation. Whereas the individual with normal protective sensation would immediately sense minor trauma such as the rubbing of a shoe and take immediate steps to correct it, the diabetic individual is not aware of the problem, allowing the pressure to continue unabated. Eventually, even minor repetitive trauma can result in formation of an ulcer. Ulcers occur most commonly on the weight-bearing plantar surface of the foot and over bony prominences. Once ulceration develops, it is also more likely to become infected in the diabetic patient owing to diminished immune function and impaired circulation. Failure to sense the normal signs of infection due to neuropathy can result in progression to osteomyelitis and extensive, limb-threatening infection in the diabetic patient.

Manifestations of Disease of Tongue

Manifestations of Disease of Tongue

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025   

Manifestations of Disease of Tongue

As a consequence of the easy accessibility to clinical inspection, the tongue, in the course of medical history, has played a rather special role as a diagnostic indicator of systemic disease. The degree of moisture or dryness of the lingual mucosa may indicate disturbances of fluid balance. Changes in color and the appearance of edema, swelling, ulcers, and inflammation or atrophy of the lingual papillae may represent signs of endocrine, nutritional, hematologic, metabolic, or hepatic disorders, infectious diseases, or aberrant ingestions. On the other hand, it should be recognized that the tongue participates with the gingivae and the buccal mucosa in localized pathologic processes of the oral cavity, and that a number of conditions exist in which the surface or the parenchyma of the tongue itself is exclusively involved.

Skin Physiology : The Process Of Keratinization

Skin Physiology : The Process Of Keratinization

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025    Comment   

Skin Physiology : The Process Of Keratinization

Keratinization, also known as cornification, is unique to the epithelium of the skin. Keratinization of the human skin is of paramount importance; it allows humans to live on dry land. The process of keratinization begins in the basal layer of the epidermis and continues upward until full keratinization has occurred in the stratum corneum. The function and purpose of keratinization is to form the stratum corneum.

Cysts of Jaw and Oral Cavity

Cysts of Jaw and Oral Cavity

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025   

Cysts of Jaw and Oral Cavity

Nonepithelialized cysts of the mandible or maxilla may result from trauma with intermedullary hemorrhage, or they may be manifestations of monostotic and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (disseminated or localized osteitis fibrosa) and generalized osteitis fibrosa, also called cystic osteodystrophy (von Recklinghausen disease). Because the latter conditions are systemic disorders of the bones or endocrine system (primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism), they will not be discussed in this volume. The lesions are more often solid than fluid in content and are recognized as cysts chiefly by their radiographic appearance.

MORBIDITY OF ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION AND TRACHEOSTOMY

MORBIDITY OF ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION AND TRACHEOSTOMY

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025    Comment   

MORBIDITY OF ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION AND TRACHEOSTOMY

Nasotracheal tubes may be more easily inserted, less easily dislodged, and sometimes better tolerated than orotracheal tubes. However, they can cause nasal necrosis and maxillary sinusitis. “Blind insertion” may result in vocal cord trauma, which can be minimized by visualization, as with oral intubation. Nasotracheal tubes have small lumina, making suctioning and weaning from mechanical ventilation difficult. Orotracheal tubes are larger and more readily permit suctioning or bronchoscopy than nasotracheal tubes. However, they are less comfortable, more easily dislodged, and can be kinked or damaged by the patient’s teeth.