Bony and Membranous Labyrinths Anatomy

Bony and Membranous Labyrinths Anatomy

pediagenosis    May 01, 2025    Comment   

Bony and Membranous Labyrinths Anatomy

Lateral Semicircular canals, Common bony limb, Ampullae, Vestibule, Cochlea, Semicircular canals, Elliptical recess, Cochlear recess, Spherical recess, Helicotrema, Scala vestibule, Scala tympani, Utricle, Endolymphatic duct, Saccule, Cochlear nerve, Cochlear duct (basal turn), Vestibular ganglion (of Scarpa), Vestibular nerve, Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), Cochlear (round) window, Anterior semicircular duct, Anterior ampulla, Lateral ampulla, Oval (vestibular) window, Cochlear cupula, Cochlear (round) window, Common membranous limb, Posterior ampulla, Inferior part of vestibular nerve (from saccule and posterior ampulla), Osseous spiral lamina, Internal opening of vestibular aqueduct (for endolymphatic duct), Vestibule (note perforations for nerve fibers), Lateral semicircular duct, Posterior semicircular duct, Hamulus of spiral lamina, Superior part of vestibular nerve (from utricle and anterior and lateral ampullae).

Sacrum and Coccyx Anatomy

Sacrum and Coccyx Anatomy

pediagenosis    April 28, 2025   

Sacrum and Coccyx Anatomy

Base of sacrum, Superior articular process, Sacral canal, Ala (wing), Promontory, Sacral part of pelvic brim (linea terminalis), Facets of superior articular processes, Transverse section through S2 foramina, Anterior (pelvic) sacral foramina, Transverse process of coccyx, Posterior sacral foramen, Intervertebral foramen, Anterior (pelvic) sacral foramen, Pelvic surface, Paramedian sagittal section, Anteroinferior view, Posterosuperior view, Transverse process of coccyx,

CUTANEOUS METASTASES

CUTANEOUS METASTASES

pediagenosis    April 28, 2025    Comment   

CUTANEOUS METASTASES

Metastasis to the skin is an uncommon presentation of internal malignancy. Cutaneous metastases are far more likely to be seen in a patient with a diagnosis of previously metastatic disease. The frequency of cutaneous metastasis is dependent on the primary tumor. Almost all types of internal malignancy have been reported to metastasize to the skin; however, a few types of cancers account for the bulk of cutaneous metastases. The distribution of the metastases is also dependent on the original tumor. The most common form of skin metastasis is from an underlying, previously metastatic melanoma.

Renal Pelvis, Ureter, And Bladder

Renal Pelvis, Ureter, And Bladder

pediagenosis    April 28, 2025    Comment   

Renal Pelvis, Ureter, And Bladder

Renal Pelvis

The entire urine collecting system is lined by a sheet of transitional epithelium known as urothelium. In the renal pelvis, the urothelial cells are two or three layers thick. The most superficial cells are larger than the others and send projections down over the lateral surfaces of the cells beneath them, sometimes having an umbrella-like appearance. These “umbrella cells” have abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and may be binucleate. Underneath the umbrella cells are smaller intermediate cells and basal cells.

What Does The Spinal Cord Do?

What Does The Spinal Cord Do?

pediagenosis    April 28, 2025    Comment   

 What Does The Spinal Cord Do?

The spinal cord actually is part of the brain and plays a major role. Scientists have known for the past 100 years or so that the spinal cord is actually part of the brain. According to Melillo, while the brain has grey matter on the outside (protected by the skull) and protected white matter on the inside, the spinal cord is the reverse: the grey matter is inside the spinal cord and the white matter is outside.

Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

pediagenosis    April 28, 2025    Comment   

Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

Longitudinal esophageal muscle, Circular esophageal muscle, Gradual slight muscular thickening, Phrenicoesophageal ligament (ascending or upper limb), Supradiaphragmatic fascia, Respiratory diaphragm, Infradiaphragmatic (transversalis) fascia, Phrenicoesophageal ligament (descending limb), Peritoneum, Cardiac notch, Esophageal mucosa, Submucosa, Respiratory diaphragm,

Joints of the Foot Anatomy

Joints of the Foot Anatomy

pediagenosis    April 28, 2025   

Joints of the Foot Anatomy

These joints include those between the tarsal bones, the metatarsals and the phalanges. They are all synovial and have shapes related to their movements.

Gastrointestinal Hormones

Gastrointestinal Hormones

pediagenosis    April 28, 2025    Comment   

Gastrointestinal Hormones

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract contains multiple cell types, including specialized cells termed enteroendocrine cells that number less than 1% of the cell population and yet form the largest endocrine system of the body. Enteroendocrine cells synthesize, store, and release chemical transmitters that are involved in gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and absorption and in regulation of appetite. These transmitters are predominantly small polypeptides that are also found in the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system. There are more than 30 gut peptide hormone genes identified, which express more than 100 bioactive peptides. They are grouped into “families” according to their primary structure. In this section, the pancreatic polypeptide family will be discussed.

Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

pediagenosis    April 28, 2025   

Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Figure 5.1 (A) Patient positioning in MICS CABG. (B) Sterile draping in MICS CABG.

Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (MICS CABG)

1.     This technique enables revascularization with a similar configuration as that in a sternotomy technique, using left internal thoracic artery (LITA) harvesting and hand-sewn proximal and distal anastomoses under direct visualization.1,2 Complete revascularization is achieved in 95% of cases,1 allowing access to the anterior, lateral, and inferior walls of the heart, with or without the use of pump assistance.

Muscles of Back : Intermediate Layer Anatomy

Muscles of Back : Intermediate Layer Anatomy

pediagenosis    April 28, 2025    Comment   

Muscles of Back : Intermediate Layer Anatomy

Iliocostalis muscle, Longissimus muscle, Spinalis muscle, Serratus posterior superior muscle, Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles, Superior nuchal line of skull, Posterior tubercle of atlas (C1), Longissimus capitis muscle, Semispinalis capitis muscle, Serratus posterior inferior muscle, Tendon of origin of transversus abdominis muscle, Internal abdominal oblique muscle, External abdominal oblique muscle (cut), Iliac crest,